Marian Devotion, the Rosary, and the Scapular

Abbreviations and Notes

AAS = Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1909-)
ASS = Acta Sanctae Sedis (1865-1908)
CCC = Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992)
CIC = Codex Iuris Canonici (1983)
DSAM = Dictionnaire de spiritualité ascétique et mystique, Paris 1937ss.
DTC = Dictionnaire de théologie catholique
Inseg = Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II (1978-2005) (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1979-2006)
LG = Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution of the Second Vatican Council on the Church)
MC = Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus (Paul VI, 1974)
MND = Apostolic Letter Mane nobiscum Domine (John Paul II, 2005)
MR = Methods for Saying the Rosary by St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort
OL = Our Lady: Papal Teachings (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1962)
PC = Perfectae Caritatis (Decree of the Second Vatican Council on the Renewal of Religious Life)
PO = Presbyterorum Ordinis (Decree of the Second Vatican Council on the Life and Ministry of Priests)
RM = Encyclical Redemptoris Mater (John Paul II, 1987)
SC = Sacrosanctum Concilium (Constitution of the Second Vatican Council on the Liturgy)
SM = The Secret of Mary by St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort
SR = The Secret of the Holy Rosary by St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort
ST = Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas
RVM = Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (John Paul II, 2002)
TD = True Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary by St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort

(1) Translator’s note: Throughout this chapter I have consistently rendered the Latin word cultus, the French word culte and the Italian word culto by the Latin word cultus, except where the English word "devotion" was more clearly indicated. I did this for two reasons: first, because of the negative associations of the English word "cult" and secondly, because the range of the words cultus, culte, and culto in the respective languages is sufficiently broad to include the worship given only to God, as well as the special veneration given to Mary and the veneration given to the angels and saints. Thus the Latin word cultus and its derivatives in French and Italian can be translated as worship, veneration and devotion depending on its context. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries one still spoke of the "worship" of the Blessed Virgin Mary without intending by this the "adoration" which belongs exclusively to God. Modern English tends to avoid using the word "worship" in that sense and can cause stumbling blocks with our Protestant brethren.

(2) Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy: Principles and Guidelines (Boston: Pauline Books & Media, 2002) #183. Cf. the commentary offered by J. Castellano Cervera, O.C.D., (+2006), "Maria nella liturgia e nella pietà popolare da Sacrosanctum concilium (1963) a Rosarium Virginis Mariae (2002)," in La Vergine Maria nel cammino orante della Chiesa—Liturgia e pietà popolare, (Rome: Centro di Cultura mariana, 2003) pp. 9-29.

(3) J.B. Terrien, S.J., La Mère de Dieu et la Mère des Hommes d’après les Pères et la théologie (Paris, Lethielleux, 1902) Deuxième partie, tome II, Livre IX, chap. I, p. 177. Cf. also the catechesis of John Paul II of January 24, 1996, on the Protoevangelium in Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana) (= Inseg ) XIX/1 (1996) 115-117. (Henceforth. Theotókos—Woman, Mother, Disciple: A Catechesis on Mary, Mother of God with a Foreword by Eamon R. Carroll, O.Carm, S.T.D. (Boston: Pauline Books and Media, 2000) (= MCat) 61-63.

(4) John Paul II, "Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary," Catechesis of October 15, 1997, #1, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 563 (MCat 244).

(5) J.B. Terrien, op.cit., p. 174-175, note 1.

(6) J.B. Terrien, op. cit., p. 174-175. (Our use of bold). Cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, Expositio super Salut. Angelic.

(7) John Paul II, "Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary," Catechesis of October 15, 1997, #1, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 564 (MCat 245).

(8) B. Gherardini, La Madre, Frigento, 1989, p. 433.

(9) J.B. Terrien, op. cit., p. 175.

(10) John Paul II, "Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary," Catechesis of October 15, 1997, #1, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 564 (MCat 245).

(11) J. Ratzinger, "‘You Are Full of Grace’: Elements of Biblical Devotion to Mary" in Communio (English edition) 16 (1989) 54-56.

(12) John Paul II, catechesis of October 15, 1997, #2, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 564 (MCat 245).

(13) John Paul II, catechesis of May 7, 1997, #2, in Inseg XX/1 (1997) 903 (MCat 192).

(14) John Paul II, catechesis of October 15, 1997, #1, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 563 (MCat 244).

(15) J. Galot, S.J., Marie Mère et Corédemptrice (Paris: Parole et Silence, 2005), pp. 203-205. Cf. also by the same author: Id., «Sens et valeur du culte marial», in Seminarium XXVII (1975) 3, pp. 507-518.

(16) On this subject one can always consult with profit: J.H. Newman, Mary: The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman edited with and introduction and notes by Philip Boyce (Leominster, Herefordshire: Gracewing; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001) 105-128, 271-282, 288-302; Du culte de la Sainte Vierge dans l’Eglise catholique, Paris, Téqui, 1908; R. Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P., The Mother of The Saviour and Our Interior Life, (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Company, 1949) Part II, chapter VI, art. I "The cult of hyperdulia and the benefits it confers," pp. 246-250; A. David, «La dévotion à la Sainte Vierge», in Maria: Etudes sur la Sainte Vierge (under the direction of Hubert de Manoir, S.J.), V, pp. 691-720; M.J. Nicolas, O.P., Marie Mère du Sauveur, Paris, Desclée, 1967, chap. V «Le culte marial», pp. 116-120; B. Gherardini, La Madre - Maria in una sintesi storico-teologica, (Frigento: Casa Mariana Editrice, 1989) Parte terza, cap. XI "La venerazione," pp. 381-400; A. Bodem, "Hyperdulie," in Marienlexicon 3 (1991) 277.

(17) St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (= ST), IIIa pars, q. XXV, art. 5.

(18) Codex Iuris Canonici (Romae: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1917) canon 1255: "…Beatae Mariae Virgini cultus hyperduliae; aliis cum Cristo in caelo regnantibus cultus duliae."

(19) René-Marie de la Broise, Saint Mary the Virgin trans. by Harold Gidney (London: Duckworth & Co., 1906) pp. 261-263. On the use of the word "worship" here, which is not intended to put the veneration of Mary on the level of the "adoration" given only to God, cf. translator’s note in the first footnote. In fact the word which Gidney renders as "worship" here is actually culte in the French original.

(20) Redactio II of November 27, 1963, from the pen of the Croatian Mariologist, Carlo Balić, contained the following sentence: Quae autem in excellentia similem non habet sui, utpote Dei Mater et Alma Socia Redemptoris, una etiam hyperduliae cultu ab Ecclesia colitur. Cf. Ermanno M. Toniolo, La Beata Maria Vergine nel Concilio Vaticano II, Cronistoria del capitolo VIII della costituzione dogmatica Lumen Gentium e sinossi di tutte le redazioni (Rome: Centro di cultura Mariana "Madre della Chiesa," 2004) p. 406.

(21) Cf. V. Macca, "Maria Santissima," in the Dizionario enciclopedica di Spiritualità II (Rome: Città Nuova Editrice, 1995) p. 1504: "the cultus to Mary must be ‘special’ and ‘altogether singular’ (LG 66). The Second Vatican Council avoided technically calling it hyperdulia, but the concept of such a typically Western name is effectively admitted by the appellatives used and by the theological principles undergirding the cultus itself, first among all of them the eminent royalty of the Theotókos."

(22) Msgr. Philips, L’Eglise et son mystère au IIe Concile du Vatican—Histoire, texte et commentaire de la Constitution Lumen Gentium, Vol. II (Paris-Tournai, Desclée, 1967-1968) p. 278.

(23) G.M. Roschini, Dizionario di Mariologia (Rome: Ed. Studium, 1961) p. 458. Cf. also Id., "Il valore teologico e pastorale del culto mariano," in Marianum (1977) 81-111.

(24) Cf. M.J. Nicolas, O.P., "L’appartenance de la Mère de Dieu à l’ordre hypostatique" in Bulletin de la Société Française d’Etudes Mariales (1937) 147-181.

(25) Ibid., 160-161.

(26) Ibid., 176.

(27) M.J. Nicolas, Marie Mère du Sauveur (Paris: Desclée, 1967) p. 116.

(28) Cf. B. Sesboué, S.J., Marie: ce que dit la foi (Paris: Bayard) 2004, p. 26.

(29) Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus, in AAS 66 (1974) 113-168; introduction.

(30) John Paul II, "The nature of Marian Devotion," catechesis of October 22, 1997, in Inseg XX/2 (1997) 647-649 (MCat 248-250 altered).

(31) Pius XII, radio message to the International Mariological Congress, October 24, 1954, in AAS 46 (1954) 679: etsi verum est Beatissimam Virginem quoque, uti nos, Ecclesiae esse membrum, tamen non minus verum est eam esse Corporis Christi Mystici membrum plane singulare. (English translation in Our Lady: Papal Teachings = OL (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1961) #735).

(32) A. Bossard, S.M.M., "L’encyclique Redemptoris Mater et Saint Louis-Marie de Montfort," in Marianum 51 (1989) 263.

(33) R. Garrigou-Lagrange, The Mother of the Saviour and Our Interior Life, p. 249.

(34) B. Gherardini, La Madre (Frigento, 1989), p. 384-385.

(35) Cf. Pius XII, Encyclical Mediator Dei, November 20, 1947, in AAS 39 (1947) 521-595 (OL #440 altered).

(36) John Paul II, homily at the Greek Catholic Abbey of Grottaferrata, September 7, 1987, #2 in Inseg X/3 (1987) 330 (L’Osservatore Romano English edition = ORE 1008:13 (first number is cumulative edition number; second number is page number)).

(37) Commemoration of the Theotókos in the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom after the epiclesis.

(38) St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, Traité de la vraie dévotion à la Sainte Vierge, #39, in Œuvres Complètes, Paris, Seuil, 1966, p. 508. (True Devotion to the Blessed Virgin in God Alone: The Collected Writings of St. Louis Marie de Montfort (Bay Shore, NY: Montfort Publications, 1988) = TD).

(39) G. de Menthière, Je vous salue Marie (Paris: Mame-Edifa, 2003), pp. 175-176.

(40) This "hypothetical necessity," dear to the speculative genius of the Doctor Magnificus, is very present in particular in book II of his celebrated dialogue Cur Deus Homo.

(41) Cf. ST, IIIa, q.1, a. 2; IIIa, q. 46, a. 1-3.

(42) Cf. Meditatio redemptionis humanae, in L’œuvre d’Anselme de Cantorbéry, tome V, Paris, 1988, p. 420.

(43) F.M. Léthel, L’Amour de Jésus en Marie, Genève, Ad Solem, 2000, tome I, p. 50.

(44) Leo XIII, Encyclical Augustissimæ Virginis, September 12, 1897, in Actæ Sanctæ Sedis (= ASS) 30 (1897-1898) 129 (OL #200).

(45) Canon 125.2: "Curent locorum Ordinarii: … 2° Ut iidem quotidie orationi mentali per aliquod tempus incumbant, sanctissimum Sacramentum visitent, Deiparam Virginem mariano rosario colant, conscientam suam discutiant."

(46) Canon 1255: "Beatae Mariae Virgini cultus hyperduliae; aliis cum Cristo in caelo regnantibus cultus duliae."

(47) Canon 1276: "Bonum atque utile est Dei Servos, una cum Cristo regnantes, suppliciter invocare eorumque reliquias atque imagines venerari; sed prae ceteris filiali devotione Beatissimam Virginem Mariam fideles universi prosequantur."

(48) Cf. Paul VI, discourse for the promulgation of the Constitution Lumen Gentium and of Mary Mother of the Church, November 21, 1964, in AAS 56 (1964) 1014; Apostolic Exhortation Signum Magnum, in AAS 59 (1967) 465-475; Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus, in AAS 66 (1974) 113-168.

(49) A. David, "La dévotion à la Sainte Vierge," in Maria—Etudes sur la Sainte Vierge (sous la direction d’Hubert du Manoir), (Paris: Beauchesne) tome V, 1958, p. 720.

(50) Cf. M. Caprioli, O.C.D., Il sacerdozio, teologia e spiritualità (Rome: Teresianum, 1992) p. 264.

(51) Cf. Giovanni Paolo II, Totus Tuus—Il magistero mariano di Giovanni Paolo II, Scelta antologica e introduzioni di Mons. Arthur Burton Calkins (Siena: Catangalli, 2006); F.M. Léthel, "Ecco la tua Madre! La testimonianza del Servo di Dio Giovanni Paolo II per i Sacerdoti del terzo millennio," in Alpha Omega IX (2006) 73-102; S.M. Perella, "La Santa Vergine nel pontificato di Giovanni Paolo II," in Miles Immaculatae XLII (2006/1) 53-122.

(52) Readers who wish to examine this matter more thoroughly could profitably consult: P. Etzi, Canones mariales. Il culto alla beata Vergine Maria nel vigente Codice di Diritto Canonico, in AA.VV., Pax in virtute. Miscellanea di studi in onore del Cardinale Giuseppe Caprio (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2003), pp. 711-767.

(53) John Paul II, post-synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Gregis, October 16, 2003, #14 in Inseg XXVI/2 (2003) 416 (ORE 1815:V).

(54) André Duval, O.P., "Rosaire," in DSAM (Paris: Beauchesne, 1988) t. XIII, col. 977.

(55) Cf. Congregation for the Clergy, Directory for the Ministry and Life of Priests, 1994, #39.

(56) Cf. Paul VI, Letter to the Papal Legate to the Mariological-Marian Congresses at Santo Domingo, February 2, 1965, in AAS 57 (1965) 376-379.

(57) Paul VI, Encyclical Christi Matri, September 15, 1966, in AAS 58 (1966) 745-749 (Paul VI, Mary—God’s Mother and Ours (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1979) 49).

(58) G. Philips, L’Eglise et son mystère au deuxième Concile du Vatican, Histoire, texte et commentaire de la Constitution Lumen Gentium (Tournai: Desclée, 1967-1968) p. 279.

(59) John Paul II, Angelus of October 29, 1978, in Inseg I (1978) 75 (Talks of John Paul II (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1979) 137-138).

(60) Pius XII, Letter Philippinas Insulas to the Archbishop of Manila, in AAS 38 (1946) 419; Paul VI, Marialis Cultus (February 2, 1974), #42, in AAS 66 (1974) 153. Cf. S.M. Perella, "Rosarium Beatae Virginis Mariae ‘totius Evangelii breviarium’. Il contributo dei Vescovi di Roma Sisto IV-Giovanni Paolo II (1478-2003): tra storia e dottrina," in Marianum 66 (2004) 427-557.

(61) Leo XIII, Encyclical Octobri Mense, September 22, 1891, in ASS 24 (1891-1892) 198 (OL).

(62) Paul VI, discourse Post duos menses, November 21, 1964, in AAS 56 (1964) 1007.

(63) G. De Menthière, Marie au cœur de l’œuvre de Jean-Paul II (Paris: Mame-Edifa, 2005) p. 81.

(64) Cf. F.M. Léthel, "Il Rosario preghiera dei santi," in Riflessioni sulla Lettera apostolica di Giovanni Paolo II Rosarium Virginis Mariae "Quaderni dell’Osservatore Romano 64" (Vatican City, 2003, p. 85-90); D. Sorrentino, Il Rosario e la nuova evangelizzazione (Milan, 2003). In particular the sub-chapter entitled: Il Rosario dei santi (Luigi-Maria di Montfort, Pio da Pietrelcina, Bartolo Longo), pp. 24-28.

(65) Cf. The Rosary: Papal Teachings, Selected and Arranged by the Monks of Solesmes, foreword by Gabriel-Marie Garrone. Texts from 1758 to 1978 with the Bull of St. Pius V on the Rosary in the appendix (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1980); Le Rosaire dans l’enseignement des Papes, Introduction, choice and ordering of texts, index and tables by Monks of the Abbey of Solesmes, 1984.

(66) Cf. A. Hiemer, Der Rosenkranz, das wunderbare Gebet (St. Ottilien, 1979) p. 20.

(67) Cf. Leo XIII, Le Rosaire de Marie, traduction française des Lettres de Léon XIII sur le Rosaire de Marie avec notes historiques, doctrinales et pratiques par F.D. Joret, O.P., (Paris: Cerf, 1933); S.M. Perella, "Il Rosario nel Magistero dei Papi: da Leone XIII a Giovanni Paolo II," in Riflessioni sulla lettera di Giovanni Paolo II ‘Rosarium Virginis Mariae’ (Vatican City, 2003) pp. 15-28; D. Sorrentino, "Il Rosario nel Magistero Pontificio da Leone XIII a Giovanni Paolo II," in G. Greco (a cura di), Il pianto di Maria (Rome: Città Nuova, 2003) pp. 117-135.

(68) Louis Bouyer, Introduction to Spirituality trans. by Mary Perkins Ryan (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1961) pp. 87-88.

(69) Cf. Paul VI, Marialis Cultus (1974) nn. 42, 47, 49; and especially John Paul II, Rosarium Virginis Mariae (2002). Cf. the commentary by J. Castellano Cervera, "Da preghiera vocale a preghiera contemplative—Un nuova mistagogia del Rosario," in Communio (Italian edition.) n. 189 (2003) 8-16.

(70) Cf. Francis Rapp, "La place de Notre Dame dans la piété populaire du Moyen Age" in Marie Mère de Dieu (Venasque: Editions du Carmel, 1988) pp. 187-211.

(71) M.M. Gorce, O.P., "Rosaire" in DTC (Paris: Librairie Letouzey, 1937) t. XIII, col. 2902.

(72) Here are a few titles from an immense bibliography: M.M. Gorce, Le Rosaire et ses antécédents historiques (Paris, 1931); F.M. Willam, The Rosary: Its History and Meaning trans. by Edwin Kaiser, C.PP.S. (NY: Benziger Brothers, Inc., 1953); 1951; Rilanciamo il Rosario (Naples, 1973); A. Winston-Allen, Stories of the Rose: The Making of the Rosary in the Middle Ages (University Park, PA, 1997); E.D. Staid, "Rosario," in S. De Fiores-S. Meo (a cura di), Nuovo Dizionario di Mariologia (Milan: Edizioni Paoline, 1985) pp. 1207-1215; "Rosenkranz," in Marienlexicon (1993) 553-559; A. Lauras, "Le Rosaire—origine, histoire et sens" in Christus 46 (1999) 319-324; R. Barile, "Il Rosario nella storia dagli inizi al consolidamento della sua attuale struttura," in Riflessioni sulla Lettera Apostolica di Giovanni Paolo II Rosarium Virginis Mariae "Quaderni dell’Osservatore Romano 64" (Vatican City, 2003) pp. 7-12.

(73) John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae, in AAS 95 (2003) 5-36.

(74) Editor’s note: For a defense of this papal tradition which does ascribe the proximate origins of the specific form of the Rosary to St. Dominic, cf. R. Garrigou-LaGrange, O.P., Mother of Our Savior and the Interior Life, tr. Bernard Kelly, C.S.Sp., Golden Eagle Book, Dublin, Ireland, 1948, p. 297, who writes: "Our Blessed Lady made known to St. Dominic a kind of preaching till then unknown, which she said would be one of the most powerful weapons against future errors and in future difficulties. Under her inspiration, St. Dominic went into the villages of the (Albigensians), gathered the people, and preached to them the mysteries of salvation—the Incarnation, the redemption, eternal life. As Mary had taught him to do, he distinguished the different kinds of mysteries, and after each short instruction, he had ten Hail Marys recited—somewhat as might happen even today at a Holy Hour. And what the word of the preacher was unable to do, the sweet prayer of the Hail Mary did for hearts. As Mary promised, it proved to be a most fruitful form of preaching."

(75) Ildefonsus Schuster, O.S.B., The Sacramentary (Liber Sacramentorum): Historical & Liturgical Notes on the Roman Missal Vol. V (Parts 8 and 9) trans. Arthur Levelis-Marke, M.A., and W. Fairfax-Cholmeley (London: Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd., 1930) pp. 165-166; Cited in Albert Enard, O.P., Assidus à la prière avec Marie Mère de Jésus – Le Rosaire régénéré à la fraîcheur de sa source, (Paris: Parole et Silence, 2003) p. 92.

(76) This Latin version was drafted by Bishop Christopher of Venice, toward the year 800. Cf. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy (2002) #207 note 263.

(77) A. Duval, "Rosaire," in DSAM (Paris: Beauchesne, 1988) t. XIII, col. 938.

(78) I. Schuster, The Sacramentary Vol. V, p. 166.

(79) F.D. Joret, Le Rosaire de Marie (Paris: Cerf) p. 220.

(80) The decision to insert the name of Jesus in the Ave Maria goes back to Pope Urban IV (1261-1264).

(81) Cf. Marcel Mahé, S.M., "Aux sources de notre Rosaire," in Vie Spirituelle Supplément 4 (1951) 101-120.

(82) M.Th. Poupon, O.P., Le Saint Rosaire, sa tradition évangélique, ses mystères, ses fruits, Lyon/Paris, 1951, pp. 11-13.

(83) L. Bouyer, Introduction to Spirituality pp. 90-91.

(84) Yves Gourdel, "Le Rosaire de Dominique le Chartreux" in Maria—Etudes sur la Sainte Vierge, (Paris: Beauchesne) t. II, 1952, pp. 657-675.

(85) Cf. Marialis Cultus #46.

(86) This usage is recommended in the Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy (2002), #201.

(87) Pius V, Consueverunt romani pontifices, September 17, 1569, in Bullarium diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio…, t. VII, Augustae Taurinorum 1862, 774-775 (The Rosary: Papal Teachings p. 286 altered). This bull is the first magisterial document to mention the meditation on the mysteries as an indispensable condition for obtaining the indulgences. At the moment of the invasion of Europe by the Turks, the same St. Pius V asked all the Rosary confraternities to pray intensely for the protection of the Church and of Europe. In remembrance of the victory of Lepanto (October 7, 1571), he instituted the commemoration of the Blessed Virgin of Victory fixed on October 7. From 1573, Gregory XIII (+1585) fixed the first Sunday of October as the Feast of the Holy Rosary of the Virgin Mary for the Dominican Order, for the churches having a confraternity or at least an altar in honor of the Virgin of the Rosary. Later, in 1716, which is also the year of the death of St. Louis-Marie de Montfort, Clement XI (+1721) extended to the universal Church this celebration in honor of the Holy Rosary of the Virgin Mary. On the occasion of the revision of the Roman calendar during the pontificate of St. Pius X, the latter judged it well to unite to the date of October 7 the feast of the Holy Rosary and the memorial of the Blessed Virgin of Victory. From 1960 the memorial of the Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin has become that of the Blessed Virgin of the Holy Rosary.

(88) Pope Leo XIII solemnly conferred on the Dominicans the charge of spreading the devotion of the holy Rosary in the Apostolic Constitution Ubi primum of October 2, 1898 (Cf. The Rosary: Papal Teachings #224-227). Cf. A. Duval, "La dévotion mariale dans l’ordre des Frères Prêcheurs," in Maria (Paris: Beauchesne) t. II, 1951, pp. 739-782.

(89) Cf. J. Laurenceau, "Rosary," in Jesus Living in Mary: Handbook of the Spirituality of St. Louis Marie de Montfort (Bay Shore, NY: Montfort Publications, 1994) 1055-1074.

(90) St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, Method for Saying the Rosary, in God Alone: The Collected Writings of St. Louis Marie de Montfort 233-262. Cf. B. Cortinovis, "Il Rosario come mezzo di santità in San Luigi Maria di Montfort," in Spiritualità Monfortana 6 (2005) 79-110.

(91) Cf. Le Livre des sermons du Père de Montfort (Documents et Recherches IX), Rome, 1983.

(92) From 1936, in a conference given to lay Dominicans of Montpellier, Father M.J. Lagrange formulated the intuition of a renewing of the prayer of the Rosary as a meditation on the entire Gospel. Cf. "La lecture de la Bible et l’âme dominicaine," in La vie dominicaine (1936) 2.

(93) Cf. J. Hémery, "Faut-il changer le Rosaire?", in Cahiers marials 10 (1966) 4, 296-300.

(94) Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Recurrens Mensis October, in AAS 61 (1969) 654 (Mary—God’s Mother and Ours 67).

(95) Proclaimed Blessed by Pope John Paul II on October 26, 1980, the attorney Bartolo Longo (+1926) is the author of a well-known work entitled I Quindici Sabati del Santo Rosario (Pompéi) (The Fifteen Saturdays of the Holy Rosary).

(96) Cf. Paul VI, Letter to the Papal Legate to the Mariological Congress at Santo Domingo, February 2, 1965, in AAS 57 (1965) 376-379.

(97) Cf. John Paul II, Gift and Mystery (Nairobi: Pauline Publications Africa, 1996) chapter III. Cf. also the special dossier on "Jean-Paul II et le Carmel" in Carmel, Toulouse, (2001) n. 101.

(98) John Paul II, Letter Il providentiale evento di grazia, March 25, 2001, #4 in Inseg XXIV/1 (2001) 601 (ORE 1687:5).

(99) Cf. The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel: Catechesis and Ritual, Prepared under the direction of the North American Provincials of the Carmelite Orders (Worcester, MA, 2000). This ritual was approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments on April 10, 1996.

(100) Cf. Catalogo dei Santi Carmelitani, cited in L. Saggi, "Scapulaire" in DSAM t. 15 (1989) col. 393. Cf. also R. Copsey, O.Carm., "Simon Stock and the Scapular Vision" in Journal of Ecclesiastical History 30 (1999) 652-683. This fundamental privilege of being preserved from hell was quickly extended to the secular members. According to the historians, it cannot be said that this account, which makes the scapular a privileged sacramental, is irrefutable, but it can no longer be affirmed to be certainly false. Cf. L. Saggi, "Scapulaire" in DSAM t.15 (1989) col. 391.

(101) John Paul II, Letter Il providentiale evento di grazia, March 25, 2001, #1, in Inseg XXIV/1 (2001) 599 (ORE 1687:5).

(102) A. Sicari, O.C.D., "L’abito della Vergine—Nel 750° anniversario dello Scapolare del Carmine," in Rivista di Vita Spirituale 55 (2001) 679, note 22.

(103) The text of the decree of 1613 with the respective instruction in Irenaeus a Sancto Jacobo, Tractatus theologicus de singulari Immaculate Virginis protectione, Parisiis, 1650, p. 38.

(104) E. Boaga, O. Carm., "Lo Scapolare del Carmine: storia e spiritualità," in Marianum LXV (2003) 356. Cf. also by the same author "Carmelite Devotion toward Our Lady," in Carmel in the World 28 (1989/1) 29-36; Id., "La devozione dello Scapolare del Carmine: contenuti e prospettive," in Rivista di Vita Spirituale 55 (2001) 306-327.

(105) Pius XII, Letter Neminem profecto, February 11, 1950, in AAS 42 (1950) 390-391 (OL #454).

(106) John Paul II, Letter Il providentiale evento di grazia, March 25, 2001, #5, in Inseg XXIV/1 (2001) 601-602 (ORE 1687:5). For a commentary on this Letter cf. J. Castellano Cervera, "Lettera di Giovanni Paolo II per l’anno mariano carmelitano" in Marianum LXV (2003) 361-382.

(107) G. De Menthière, Marie au cœur de l’œuvre de Jean-Paul II (Paris: Mame-Edifa, 2005) p. 13.

(108) John Paul II, Letter Il providentiale evento di grazia, March 25, 2001, #4, in Inseg XXIV/1 (2001) 600 (ORE 1687:5). It is interesting to recall that the apparitions of the Immaculate at Lourdes concluded on July 16, 1858, on the evening of the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (extended to the universal Church from 1726 by Benedict XIII), and also that it was in the course of the last apparition at Fatima that the Virgin Mary was seen by Lucia wearing the brown scapular of Carmel.

(109) Cf. Sister Lucia, "Calls" from the Message of Fatima, (Fatima: Secretariado dos Pastorinhos, 2002).

(110) Cf. E. Richer, La pédagogie de sainteté de saint Louis-Marie de Montfort (Paris: Téqui, 2003); Id. Suivre Jésus avec Marie—un secret de sainteté de Grignion de Montfort à Jean-Paul II (Paris: Editions des Béatitudes, 2006).

(111) Edith Stein, "The Prayer of the Church" in The Collected Works of Edith Stein IV: The Hidden Life edited by Dr. L. Gelber and Michael Linssen, O.C.D., translated by Waltraut Stein, Ph.D. (Washington, DC: ICS Publications, 1992) 15.

(112) Marie-Eugène de l’Enfant-Jésus, O.C.D., "Les Frères de Notre Dame" in La vie mariale au Carmel (Ed. du Carmel, 1943) p. 29-45.

(113) John Paul II, Letter Il providentiale evento di grazia, March 25, 2001, #4 in XXIV/1 (2001) 600 (ORE 1687:5).